Contents

1 The chapter at a glance

2 The sustainable development imperative

2.1 Finding the balance

2.2 The relationship between resource tenure and sustainable resource management

3 Sustainable development: From rhetoric to practice

3.1 Rethinking current planning approaches

3.2 Land reform as a nexus of issues

4 Human settlement and service provision

4.1 Service obligations of local government

4.1.1 The municipal legislative framework

4.1.2 The requirement of sustainable service provision

4.1.3 The reasonableness test

4.1.4 Services on private land

4.1.5 Township establishment and land reform

4.1.6 The problem of private townships

4.2 Township establishment and spatial development

4.2.1 The problem of remote settlements

4.2.2 Narrow conceptualisation of rural settlement planning

4.2.3 Finding alternative solutions

4.3 Recognising a service delivery continuum

4.3.1 Formal township establishment

4.3.2 Private townships

4.3.3 In situ service delivery

4.3.4 Self-planned settlement without services

4.3.5 Remote settlements

4.4 Indigency subsidy to people living in private townships on CPI-owned land

4.5 Conclusions

5 Management of natural resources

5.1 Current trends in the state of natural resources

5.2 Resource management planning: The missing element

5.3 Too much law, too little support

5.4 Lack of clarity about individual and group resource rights and use

5.5 Co-management of protected areas and State forests

6 The legal framework

6.1 The South African Constitution

6.1.1 Environmental rights

6.1.2 Property rights

6.1.3 Limits on rights

6.2 National environmental legislation

6.2.1 National Environmental Management Act

6.2.2 Environmental Conservation Act

6.2.3 National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act

6.2.4 National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act

6.2.5 Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act

6.2.6 National Water Act

6.2.7 Marine Living Resources Act

6.2.8 National Forests Act

6.2.9 National Veld and Forest Fire Act

6.2.10 Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act

6.2.11 National Heritage Resources Act

6.3 Other relevant laws (local and provincial)

6.3.1 Provincial nature conservation laws

6.4 Conclusions: Where are we now?

7 Chapter references